Difference Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction

Contrast Between Cost Control and Cost Reduction Presentation A cost decrease program is a sort of strategy which is to improve gainfulness of the association or by expected to get a decent outcome that stream to the main concern of the budget report and absolved from any genuine harm to the association itself. As this program is significantly more about diminishing expense or decreasing costs of the association, so a decent cost decrease program is about how to control the harm of an association. Besides, a cost decrease program is said can be improved the benefit of an association in light of the fact that by diminishing costs, benefits are expanded without making others changes. Then again, if the cost decrease program can coordinated with a business improvement program and maybe, at last it will get the twofold benefit. A cost decrease program must be a finished arrangement that is results-situated. An organized cost decrease program will put the organization on target to accomplish most extreme productivity and accomplish the best. Additionally, this program likewise infers a progression of program that hold the entirety of the fundamental attributes and nature of the item and therefore it must be bound to lasting and authentic reserve funds in the expenses of assembling, organization, circulation and selling, realized by end of inefficient and inessential components structure the plan of the item and from the procedures and practices completed in association therewith. What is the distinctive between cost control and cost decrease? Truth be told, cost control otherwise called cost the board or cost regulation; it controls the expenses of the association at the given level. Plus, cost control accentuation on guaranteeing that the expense doesn't surpass the standard spending plan of the association. Organizations use cost control techniques to screen, assess, and at last improve the proficiency of explicit territories, for example, offices, divisions, or product offerings, inside their activities. Be that as it may, cost decrease is a force practice or is an activity which will out the entirety of the push to sparing expense from whatever level they are. Cost decrease doesn't have any norm, or anything is acknowledged as perfect. Each component of cost is examined, each activity is screened and each system is broke down to recognize the available resources of diminishing expenses. Cost decrease can bring about sparing the item cost, producing cost s, and life cycle cost. There are two unique ideas between cost control and cost decrease. Cost control is accomplishing the cost focus as its goal while cost decrease is coordinated to investigate the conceivable outcomes of improving the objectives or organization productivity. In this way, cost control will end the activity when accomplished the association target or goal. While cost decrease is a nonstop procedure and it has no obvious end. Besides, cost control attempt to achieve the most minimal conceivable expense under existing conditions while cost decrease doesn't perceive any condition as perpetual since a change will bring about bringing down the expense. In the event that the cost control accentuation is on over a wide span of time, while the cost decrease accentuation is on the present and future. Also, cost control is a preventive capacity though cost decrease is a correlative capacity. It run in any event, when a productive cost control framework exists. The contrast between both of it very well may be summed up as cost control guaranteeing the expenses is as per built up norms while cost decrease is worried about attempt to improve the expense by consistent and without understanding with any of the norm. The principle advantages of cost decrease programs are it can upgrade productivity and improve income of the association. It presents the key components and variables to consider in program plan and usage. Cost decrease program is likewise can guarantee the outcomes will coordinate with the objectives or objective and the estimations of the association. Cost decrease program is one of the most testing duties or errands that an organization needs to attempt, particularly when there are such a large number of ways open to cost-cognizant directors. At long last, an incorporated expense decrease program can diminish the cumbersome money related weights that can stable a companys advancement and can let loose valuable capital that can be result to the organizations long haul advantage. Writing Reviews/Case Study/Research Findings There are five cases and cost decrease strategies in these writing surveys. The techniques including Target Costing (TC), Activity-Based Costing (ABC), Just in Time (JIT), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Value Engineering (VE). Contextual investigation 1 (Target Costing) Definition: Target costing additionally called item costing strategy in which an endeavor at the arranging and advancement period of an item life cycle to achieve a predetermined cost that is chosen by the executives. This methodology is to look for the lower costs by structuring a quality item that decreases costs in the creation stage. It tends to be depicted as an efficient procedure of cost the executives and benefit arranging. Contextual investigation: In 1993, Toyota utilizes target costing way to deal with for the most part decrease costs at the plan stage. By utilizing this methodology, Toyota defines objectives for cost decrease and afterward attempts to accomplish these new focuses through plan changes that will achieve the cost decrease objective. Toyota was looking at the expenses of the new plan with the old structure so as to ensure a cost decrease after usage of the new strategy. This is the principle thought that Toyota uses to accomplish their companywide objectives. There are a few stages in the grouping of value, creation, and cost choices. In the first place, Toyota chooses what the new retail cost of the car by taking the old cost and including the estimation of any new capacities. The business division concocts the proposal for the creation volume by taking past numbers and ordering them to showcase patterns and the condition of contenders. Second, Toyota is center around cost arranging. This cost arranging depends on the item plan and focuses for retail cost and furthermore creation volume. The motivation behind utilizing cost arranging by Toyota is for decide the sum by which expenses can be diminished through better structure of the new model. Toyota sets up a benefit focus on that is deducted to decide their objective expense. These cost arranging choices are made for a long time before they discharge the model. Toyota gauges the estimated expenses of another model by wholes of the cost varieties of the new model and the old model. This procedure is exceptionally valuable to Toyota, since it will in general be less work and gives progressively precise outcomes. Likewise, it additionally enables the particular divisions to comprehend the cost changes. Other than that, Toyota evacuates variable costs the two models acquire, for example, compensation and circuitous expenses by utilizing this methodology. In the mean time, they utilize their choices on costs that change between the two models in plan and creation volume. The primary concern for this situation study is to show how cost arranging at Toyota is centered around the plan stage. Toyota does this by defining objectives for cost decreases through plan changes. Toyota takes these objectives and afterward evaluates them to various divisions to make the important changes. Toyota accepts that by changing item configuration to deliver lower cost to accomplish a more significant level of productivity. Contextual analysis 2 (Activity-based Costing) Definition: Movement Based Costing is a costing model that distinguishes the cost pools, or action focuses, in an association and allocates expenses to items and administrations (cost drivers) in view of the quantity of occasions or exchanges engaged with the way toward giving an item or administration. The idea of Activity-Based Costing has been viewed as an advanced strategy for cost computation since the mid 1980s. What's more, Activity-Based Costing (ABC) relegates fabricating overhead expenses to items in a more legitimate way than the conventional methodology of basically distributing costs based on machine hours. Movement Based Costing initially allots expenses to the exercises that are the genuine reason for the overhead. It at that point doles out the expense of those exercises just to the items that are really requesting the exercises. Contextual investigation: Boeing Commercial Airplane Group (BCAG) is the universes biggest producer of business planes. It contains roughly 60% of Boeings all out incomes. BCAG Wichita is a cost place fabricating plant delivering fuselages, noses, swaggers, nacelles, and push reversers for 737, 747, 757, 767, and 777 plane models. In May 1999, the plant utilized roughly 16,835 representatives straightforwardly, and was liable for backhanded work of 53,100 specialists inside the territory of Kansas. As a feature of its general drive to pick up and hold world-class aviation fabricating status, BCAG Wichita is centered around building up a lean, proficient plan and creation framework bolstered by a compelling cost the board technique. The cost administration methodology bolsters activities intended to connect the assembling procedure and bolster exercises in order to rearrange the entire creation process, while amplifying profits by the utilization of lean strategic policies. Cost the board technique activities incorporate streamlining creation, shortening stream and process durations, expanding quality and stock turnover, distinguishing center items and forms, and connecting the plan and assembling procedure to diminish item an ideal opportunity to-advertise. Movement Based Costing connections and supports the assembling procedure. It gives data to tailor business streams and material administration, expenses of movement and procedures, esteem included versus non-esteem included examination and benefit investigation used to improve the settle on versus purchase dynamic procedure. ABC additionally gives investigation of set-up and run costs, expenses of booked and unscheduled upkeep, expenses of advantage disappoi ntment, and expenses of assembling limit, consequently permitting manuf

Free Essays on Gay Marriage Should Be Denied

SAVAGE, TODD A., MARC E. FRISIELLO, and SHARON SCALES ROSTOSKY. Gay Parents. International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. Ed. James J. Ponzetti, Jr. Vol. 2. second ed. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 720-723. 4 vols. Hurricane Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Camden County College. 17 February 2005 . Record joins: 4 PDF Pages | How to Cite digital book joins: About this Publication | eTable of Contents | eBook Index | List of Illustrations Library joins: Full Text: Page 720 GAY PARENTS Research has reliably shown that hetero grown-ups hold reliably and overwhelmingly negative mentalities toward lesbians and gay guys. Hetero grown-ups ordinarily see this antagonism as worthy notwithstanding political talk praising the commitments and numerous viewpoints of an undeniably differing populace (Kite and Whitley 1996). The shame, bias, and separation coordinated at individuals who distinguish themselves as gay are not kept to singular acts, yet have been organized and efficiently sustained all through the different degrees of the way of life. For instance, the U. S. lawful framework doesn't perceive relationships between same-sex accomplices, nor does it secure connections among lesbian and gay male guardians and their youngsters (Patterson, Fulcher, and Wainright 2000). In spite of such obstructions, lesbian and gay male people effectively make important family connections that succeed, yet flourish (Patterson 2000). Gay Relationships and Legal Matters Legitimate acknowledgment of associations (i.e., marriage) between hetero guys and females has a longstanding history in the United States, Europe, and different pieces of the world affected by Western societies. Such acknowledgment has set the measures for adequate connections and the advantages that they are accepted to bring. One basic advantage of marriage identifies with the foundation of families and the raising of c... Free Essays on Gay Marriage Should Be Denied Free Essays on Gay Marriage Should Be Denied SAVAGE, TODD A., MARC E. FRISIELLO, and SHARON SCALES ROSTOSKY. Gay Parents. International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family. Ed. James J. Ponzetti, Jr. Vol. 2. second ed. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 720-723. 4 vols. Storm Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Camden County College. 17 February 2005 . Archive joins: 4 PDF Pages | How to Cite digital book joins: About this Publication | eTable of Contents | eBook Index | List of Illustrations Library joins: Full Text: Page 720 GAY PARENTS Research has reliably exhibited that hetero grown-ups hold reliably and overwhelmingly negative mentalities toward lesbians and gay guys. Hetero grown-ups ordinarily see this pessimism as worthy in spite of political talk praising the commitments and numerous viewpoints of an inexorably various populace (Kite and Whitley 1996). The shame, preference, and separation coordinated at individuals who recognize themselves as gay are not limited to singular acts, yet have been organized and methodicallly propagated all through the different degrees of the way of life. For instance, the U. S. legitimate framework doesn't perceive relationships between same-sex accomplices, nor does it ensure connections among lesbian and gay male guardians and their kids (Patterson, Fulcher, and Wainright 2000). Regardless of such obstructions, lesbian and gay male people effectively make important family connections that succeed, however flourish (Patterson 2000). Gay Relationships and Legal Matters Legitimate acknowledgment of associations (i.e., marriage) between hetero guys and females has a longstanding history in the United States, Europe, and different pieces of the world affected by Western societies. Such acknowledgment has set the measures for adequate connections and the advantages that they are accepted to bring. One normal advantage of marriage identifies with the foundation of families and the raising of c...

Use Your Sense of Humor as a Stress Coping Mechanism

Use Your Sense of Humor as a Stress Coping Mechanism Happiness Print Maintaining a Sense of Humor to Cope By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on January 28, 2020 Hinterhaus Productions / Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All A sense of humor can be an amazing line of defense when it comes to coping with stress. Unfortunately, stress is inevitable and you cant eliminate it, despite your best efforts. You can, however, better prepare yourself for stress with several coping techniques. Developing a sense of humor about lifes challenges is a great place to start. A sense of humor will help you to build resilience to stress as well as improve your overall physical and emotional health.?? It will also enable you to: Bond with othersLook at things in a different wayNormalize your experienceKeep your relationships strong Luckily, its not too hard to develop a healthy sense of humorâ€"but it does require a bit of practice. Here are a few ways to find the funny in life and better cope with stress. Start With a Smile Even if you fake a smile (making the physical shape with your mouth), it can lead to increased happiness (not just looking happier). This is because the act of smiling (real or fake) causes your body to release feel-good endorphins. Plus, a fake smile tends to lead to a genuine oneâ€"and this means that laughter will come more easily, and the stress will melt more readily.?? Top 10 Reasons to Smile Every Day Take a Step Back When you’re in the middle of a difficult situation, it can seem overwhelming. Taking a step back, however, and viewing your situation as an observer can help you see your situation with a new lens. This is called reframingâ€"and it works. Value the Extremes If your situation seems ridiculously frustrating, recognize the potential humor in just how ridiculously frustrating and annoying it is. In your imagination, take the situation to an extreme that becomes even more ridiculous until you find yourself amused. For example, if you are waiting in a long line at the store, imagine that hours pass, then days, visualizing loved ones visiting you in your new home or holding your childs birthday party in aisle seven…you get the picture. Recruit Funny Buddies Social support is a crucial part of stress management. Find a friend or group of friends with whom you can share your frustrations and challenges, and laugh about them in the process. Even when your friends are not there, you can lighten your mood by thinking about the retelling that will come later. The Top 4 Reasons Friends Are Important Make It a Game You can have a most annoying boss contest with your friends, or try to count how many times the same potentially frustrating event happens in a day. (I was cut off in traffic seven times todayâ€"I’m almost up to 10.) This works well for predictable or repetitive annoying situations that you can’t control; you can begin to view them in their own special way instead of letting them unnerve you. Watch Funny Shows and Movies One of the reasons that sitcoms are so popular is that many of them take somewhat universal situations that people find frustrating and push them a little further to show the silly side of it all. Realizing that some universally annoying situations are actually funny, can help you endure them with a smileâ€"even if it’s a wry or ironic smile. Read Funny Books Reading humorous interpretations of life can help you maintain a light-hearted point-of-view and find your own style of seeing the world in a different light. Look for an author skilled at finding the humor in life events, ranging from annoying to upsetting or even tragic. Some suggestions: Dave Barry, David Sedaris, or Jerry Seinfeld.   Reading Material Ideas for Brain Health and Fitness Practice Relaxation Techniques Laughter yoga, which combines laughter and intentional yogic breathing (pranayama), is a great way to release stress and get some more giggles into your day.?? If this type of class is not available to you, there are other types of yoga and relaxation strategies (meditation, tai chi, deep breathing) to minimize stress so you can build your resilience and your sense of humor.

Crisis of Enron and Auditors Responsiblilites - 2149 Words

Viktoria Martirosyan Case 1.1 Qt.1 Several parties were responsible for Enron crisis, including independent auditor, key executive officers, internal auditors, SEC and FASB. The hypocrisy, dishonorable actions and unethical behavior of Kenney Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, Andrew Fastow led to bankruptcy. This and many other problems, such as loss in transactions involving the swaps stocks, SPE related issues and est., finally contributed to crisis. As Enron executives, all of their concerns should have been focused on Enron’s profits, but seems that many of them only cared about their wealth. When financial problem surfaced, they did not attempt to fix it, but made efforts to maintain their own benefits and ignored the whole company’s and†¦show more content†¦Enron made only nominal financial statement disclosures for its SPE transactions and those disclosures were typically presented in confusing if not cryptic, language. 2. SAS 55- Internal Controls. Judging from the case, it can be clearly seen that internal control was not working properly. 3. SAS 45 Related parties - Special Purpose entities were a mechanism to raise needed financing for various purposes without being required to report the debt in their balance sheets. Enron used gaping loophole in accounting practice to create hundreds of SPEs and it did not limit its SPEs to financing activities. Enron used SPEs for the purpose of downloading underperforming assets from its financial statements to the financial statements of related by unconsolidated entities. SPE would finance the purchase of those assets by loans collateralized by Enron’s common stock. In some cased, undisclosed side agreement made by Enron with an SPE’s nominal owner insulated those individuals from any losses on their investments and, in fact, guaranteed them a windfall profit. Even more troubling, Enron often sold assets at grossly inflated prices to their SPEs allowing the company to manufacture large â€Å"paper† gain on t hose transactions. Qt.4 Audit documentation as per SAS 103, is a record of audit procedures performed, relevant audit evidence obtained, and conclusions the auditor reached. It supports the fact that the audit was done in accordance with auditing

Scientific management and the theories of business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3049 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Scientific Management Frederick W Taylor introduced the scientific management thought where in 1911 wrote a book about management called The Principles of Scientific management where such theory approach are been applied by many organisations practically. Taylor came out with the views saying that the process of work can be arranged in a professional manner by subdividing the tasks by providing the best means that could organise each task meeting the organisational objectives. Taylor viewed that each task should be processed and analysed accurately in order to identify the activities taken by each task. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Scientific management and the theories of business" essay for you Create order He came out with the idea of time and motion study that the activities carried out within the organisation and methods of doing the work should be reviewed so that individual could do their work properly. Working methods, equipment used and procedures for doing a job need to be monitored in order to produce a good quality performance for each task. Workers should be provided training for the development of the organisation and themselves too also wages and salaries should be introduced in a different form depending on the type of work at that particular time such as piecework basis for the purpose of maximising profit though there should be some deductions in the wages if the result of work does not meet the organisation standard, workers should be provided with good working environment which is safe including the premises and equipments that need to be maintained regularly. In todays organisation have adopted such theories in their organisations example BT plc job role is been re viewed well analysing the routines and procedures which is normally in the contract of employment which summarises job description including the wages, induction and training. Classical administration (Administrative management school) Henri Fayol was an engineer in France wrote a book which had a title General and Industrial Management which was written in French in 1916 later translated in English in 1949 in the USA. Fayol came with the views that activities carried out within the organisation can divided into different groups or department as many organisations do example Unilever plc have finance department, information technology, department, security department, marketing department etc so that individuals qualification could be identified and grouped and each department could work together towards achieving the organisation objectives by communicating to each other  [1]  . He said organisation should have a clear picture of where it is and future prospective by plan ning and added that there should be line of authority in a hierarchy way showing the flow of command and decisions flowing from the top management to the bottom same system is being used by Unilever plc by having organisation structure the show the line of authority. He also mentions that staff should be involve in the decision making of the organisation also providing training to the staff for developing them. Leadership theory Association of business executive defined leadership as a way where individuals can be influenced to achieve goals of the organisational. The role of the leader is committing themselves towards the individuals in achieving such goals. Characteristics of leadership which can be distinguished from management are that leaders try to influence people to do things with their own will, they bring changes to the organisation they lead, they lead by action which become as an example for other people to follow the same path, they can solve dispute, they can plan, organise, motivate individuals. They monitor the performance of the organisation they are leading. Leaders within an organisation for example BT plc can appointed their leaders in a formal way basing on the job description were the top management decide to appoint a leader example a manager or deputy manager due to the achievement of certain duties that will contribute to the development of the organisation and seen that have th e characteristics of leading people and in an informal way individuals within the organisation decide to appoint someone to lead them in certain project or team. Leaders in BT plc exercise their power by persuading people to do task but not forcing people to do things which they are not ready or cant do it due to certain reasons or circumstances also their power can come from the formal authority of job description. Motivation theory Mullins in chapter 15 defines motivation as the stage in which individuals decides to behave in a particular way in order to meet their wants which is characterised by their uniqueness of their behaviour, they intend to make choices which is under their colleagues control which is direct. Individual at work can act in a positive or negative way that could contribute to the development of the organisation or could result to a problem within the organisation due to irrational or unconscious but must be a reason for such behaviour. Motivation is concern with the needs and motivation of the individual within the organisation where by individuals cant be motivated if their needs are not fulfilled. This is being viewed by the Maslow hierarchy of needs in 1954 which is used by different organisation in todays business such as BT plc and GlaxoSmithKline Company. Maslow came out with the assumption that people needs change all the time and its complex once are satisfied with certain thin g now they will demand for another thing later thats reason they need to be motivated. Maslow categorised the needs in five different ways as follows. Maslows hierarchy of need Physiological or physical he suggested that individuals need love, sex, food, water sleep etc these are the basic needs individuals need lacking them its difficult to get motivated within the organisation. They also need money to fulfil their needs meaning having jobs for survival. Individuals need safety or security that is protecting individuals from any harm such as animals, germs, etc in their environment having clothes, house to live. In an organisation individuals need security in their positions from redundancy, safe job etc also they need security if there is any change in management or job routine. Individuals need love from their friends, colleagues by means of accepting them as individuals though wages can be low sometimes to the workers but having a good relationship and social contact does motivates them. Esteem or ego as part of individual needs were by they want their abilities to be recognised by means of testing and approved so that they could feel that they are of important within the organisation as individuals. They also need respect among each other with the need of affection and that they belong to certain group. Example individuals having a good position in the company, getting bonus, car allowance, good office environment for the purpose of satisfying their egos or esteem. MANAGEMENT STYLES Autocratic management style This is the type of management style where by communication takes place from the top management example chief executive officer flowing down to the subordinates, decision making taking place from the top management passing through all the department. An autocratic manager tends to make a decision that does not consult other staff for approval; its advantage is that gets all work done as been directed by the manager though it tend minimising staff morale and staff cant be motivated if decisions are being made without their consultation. Democratic management style A manager in democratic style tends to delegate the responsibilities and task to the staff where by staff take their own initiatives in completing the task assigned to them. In democratic management style decision making involve the presence of employees this helps employee to be motivated by the activities produced by their own work towards meeting the organisation objectives. The disadvantage of this type of style employees tend be slow in doing the task and delaying the work due that staff need to be consulted first before decision is made, staff rely on others to do the task for them. Laissez faire management style This is another management style where by managers gives staff all the freedom they need to complete the task at their own time without putting pressure on them. Laissez faire managers do not involve themselves in fully managerial activities so as the staff this delays task to be completed at the right time due minimum involvement of the manager. The disadvantage of this type of style is that can bring great impact to the organisation performance due managers not delegating their roles in effective manner where staff finding it hard to follow the right direction to meet organisations plan objective. FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Henri Fayol after developing the principles of management, he came out with the ideas of summarising the functions of management which are planning, organising, directing and controlling. These functions are being used by todays business. Planning This is the process of evaluating the activities for the future development of the organisation which is normally planned in advance that shows what the organisation ought to do for the future or any factors that could influence the activities within the organisation. This could be five year or ten year plan etc, managerial authority towards the strategic plan of the organisation is making sure they are being taken into consideration and they are coordinated with all departments in the organisation also need to be clear to them. Organising Its the process were by making sure the day to day activities are done in a professional manner meeting the organisation target. Resources such as staff, machines, capital are arranged into a working pattern that links between the departments and relationships can be created between the staff. Once resources are being allocated properly the outcome of that brings the organisation into success. Directing After organising the resources in the organisation that when directing comes into effect where makes sure that staff carry out the appropriate task as being assigned by their superiors by monitoring their performances it does motivate staff if their activities is being reviewed every month or quarterly through appraisal. Directing ensures that activities meet the organisation objectives and that is making profit by encouraging more sales. Controlling This is the process of monitoring the performance of the activities carried out within the organisation by linking all the departments and getting the feedback of how they are progressing with the roles assigned to them. Control takes an effect after the plans are being made by reviewing the objectives of the organisation and monitoring regularly, ensures that the result of the task matches with the plan which was been put into action in the first place. Such process could be accessed through proper management performance such as progress report, annual turnover report etc. COMPARISON BETWEEN ORGANISATIONS MANAGEMENT TASKS AT UNILEVER AND BT PLC People and sustainability This is about how the organisation operates its activities by protecting the environment from any harm. It is evident in both Unilever Company and BT plc where they sustain their market by providing products and services which do not harm them. These companies provide evidence on how they make their products or services. Also, data on: the disposal method of their waste; energy generated; and water usage is available. They also protect their staff by providing them with a healthy and safe environment, recording all the incidences for future reference. Reviewing performance Organisations aim at making profit during the trading period and record it in a trading, profit and loss account. Managements role is evaluating and reviewing the performance of the business, which is through analysing the growth of the business, identifying increases in sales and market share, balance scorecard etc. One of the tasks in which management undertake is making sure such performance is monitored within the organisation which needs to be recorded for the future planning. Unilever plc reviews their annual turnover at the end of the trading period. Similarly, BT plc posts their annual financial statements on their company websites for the stakeholder to review their performance and they must show that ethic value is taken into consideration. Analysing functions of management Functions of management are planning, organising, directing, controlling and coordinating. Managements task is to analyse these functions within the organisation and in different departments. After planning is put into action, activities which are directed and coordinated by the managers and supervisors need to be organised on a daily basis. Decisions are made by the top management and flow downwards to the subordinates. Resource allocation The task of management is allocating resources such as people, capital and equipment. Managers allocate people to different departments, based on the qualification they hold and utilise these peoples skills for meeting the organisations objectives. Capital invested into the business helps run the operating activities once the equipment is put in place. To have a good performance in the organisation, resources need to be allocated properly at the right place and at the right time. Unilever plc allocates their resources in the field of toiletry production. They produce cleaning materials, which are a basic need to people in our modern society. Unilevers market is multinational and is making huge profit that sustains their organisations growth. Risk management The recession is continuing to heat the economy of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, as capacity of consumers to spend money is decreasing, partly due to rising unemployment levels and thus a decrease is disposable income, Unilever plc and BT plc need to take these issues into consideration. These two companies may need to continue decreasing prices of their products and services so that they retain their existing customers and even attract new customers. Market share is extremely important. Competition is intense and companies try to survive and remain in the market despite the negative impacts as a result of the recession. TASK 5 LEADERSHIP STYLES Leadership style is the process of evaluating different roles undertaken by the leaders towards the members of the group they are leading. The style of leadership put in place in the organisation it is likely to be adopted by the subordinates in the organisation. There are different leadership styles examples bureaucratic, dictatorial, participative, abdicatorial etc but its summarised in terms of managerial style which is subjected towards the subordinates such as authoritarian style, democratic style and laissez-fare style. Authoritarian (autocratic) style This is the type of style were by leaders exercises their power by organising all the groups in the organisation. Leaders make the decisions, rules and regulation passing through the group in order to achieve the organisation target, also evaluates task roles, disciplinary actions, and appraisals. Democratic style The power of leaders in this type of style considers subordinates contribution towards decision making; leaders consult staff first before making any decisions. They tend to value staff say towards the implementing the policy and procedures of the organisation. Laissez-faire style Leaders in this type of style tend to give freedom to the group they are leading to do things on their own way toward without supervising them in meeting the organisation objectives. Leaders do not involve themselves fully into the activities of organisation they leave the staff to work on their own initiative though they provide guidance to the staff if they are facing any problem. MOTIVATION THEORIES USED BY THE ORGANISATION Managers from different organisations they always refer to the motivation theory in their managerial activities that help them to determine the factors that will motivate the subordinate without those needs individuals wont be able to perform efficiently that could result to negative implication of organisation performance. Abraham Maslow if the one who came out with motivation theory summarised the hierarchy of needs which are physical needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem need and self-actualisation needs. Physical or physiological needs Human beings need food, water, air to breathe, these are normal basic needs human beings need to stay alive, and without them they will die. As individual working in the organisations they need wages and salaries in order to facilitate their needs, such wages will help them to buy food and water to stay alive. Safety needs These are needs which human beings need which is to be safety in the environment in which they are in, this include protected from any harm such as pollution, noise. By that means they need shelter so that they could be safe from cold and sunny weather its referred to the individuals at work they need a safety in their jobs from redundancy, low wages and dismissal. Social needs Every individuals need love, friends to talk and socialise with which is by making friends with the people surrounding them in this way helps people from getting depressed same applied to the staff in the organisation they need good relationships in the working environment that creates good team spirit. Esteem needs People need respect from other people regardless of any difference they will be having that could be age, sex, race, nationality etc surrounding them; they want to feel like they are part of the society. In the organisation individuals need recognition by the management, rewards from the organisation as they are part of team contributed to the achievement of the organisation goals. Self-actualisation needs This is the process of determining individuals capabilities towards doing something that would be of great potential by developing them. People want to be known (pride) by other people that they have got the ability to do something which can be useful to people. In the organisation individuals having different professionals they need their task role should be resemble with the qualification they are having, moral and ethical behaviour should be taken into consideration by the organisation to the individual working for them. CONCLUSION This report had the details concerning management theories such as scientific management which was carried out by F. Taylor in which he summarised about work environment and individuals also had information about classical administration, the founder was Henri Fayol carried the idea about the functions of the management such as planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling which is being applied by todays business also he summarised about administrative issues in the organisation that need to be structured and evaluated. Individual need to be motivated and the factors that motivates them in the organisation such as Unilever plc and GlaxoSmithKline as applied by Maslow hierarchy. Concept of management and leadership styles used in the organisation and the exercise of power and authority they have toward the individual in the organisation.

The Schelling Segregation Model - 2259 Words

Introduction In this essay, I aim to show that given Carl Hempel’s (1942) deductive-nomological (DN) theory of explanation and Bas C. van Fraassen’s (1980) pragmatic theory of explanation, Schelling only partially explains neighbourhood segregation, because multiple causal factors and background conditions ought to be taken into account. I will first outline how Schelling explains neighbourhood segregation, and then discuss the following aspects to show my conclusion: 1. Schelling’s model in the context of the DN theory of explanation 2. Schelling’s model in the context of the pragmatic theory of explanation 3. How to explain neighbourhood segregation†¦ An emphasis will be placed on the first and second to allow more thorough†¦show more content†¦To make room for newcomers and to resolve issues of empty units, Schelling assumes that individuals adhere to the â€Å"rule of movement† . This rule implies that innocuous individual preferences characterised by assumption (vi) will give rise to a gradual distribution of a spatial phenomenon: the population in groups A and B start to separate out. Schelling identifies this separation between groups A and B as a â€Å"stable equilibrium† . For an illustration, consider Schelling’s two-dimensional model below: Figure 1 justifies Schelling’s theory, in that seemingly innocuous individual preferences – a person’s desire for same-colour neighbours, and reluctance to be in the minority – can trigger changes in a system from one stable equilibrium to another, and hence result in neighbourhood segregation. However, many scholars further articulate Schelling’s model under different circumstances with focuses ranging from the dynamics of movement to the population densities of local mixed neighbourhoods. The following point is worth noting. It is unclear why individuals often decide to swap locations given that one is free to leave the neighbourhood at any time. In response, an added premise to Schelling’s initial assumptions is required. In Zhang’s Schelling-type checkerboard model, he shows that individuals decide to swap locations on the basis of their own â€Å"payoffs† . Given that individuals of groups A and B can compromise on a mutually advantageousShow MoreRelatedRace Preference And Outgroups Avoidance1228 Words   |  5 PagesRacial segregation exists because people tend to choose congregate near individuals that they share common characteristics with. On the other hand, others tend to avoid individuals that have different characteristics with them. Either way, the end result of individual choice is racial segregation. I will explain the two main concepts of residential individual choice by defining same race preference and outgroups avoidance. 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Poetry Notes Essay Example For Students

Poetry Notes Essay Herself Complication: oil slick Climax: Margarita disappears Falling Action: family loses hope in her, TV reporters believe shes dead Resolution: margarita wins race Theme: identity, family influence most of play is written in English. Forever, some of the lines are in Spanish, mostly he grandmother. Maybe because she is from an older generation. They are used to being discriminated against and excluded form conversations. The switching of two languages describes her Latino and American identities and their struggle to survive (bilingual dialogue) margarita struggles with her identity in America with her Cuban roots their understanding of the English language shows the exclusion of their race in American culture Simon seems to have adjusted to the American culture, acting more like an American teenager than a Cuban teen. Emily whose hopes and dreams have been undermined by a callous external rod. All the father cares about is winning. Girl: Consists of a single sentence Advice from m other to daughter, to both help and scold her Mother speaks and girl interrupts twice to defend herself and ask a question Story being told by girl, recalling a memory of her mothers advice to her within the advice, mother tells daughter of how to do chores such as laundry, sewing, cooking, etc. Also teaches her how to catch a fish and make medicine Practical advice such as how to talk and act in front of people. Protagonist: Girl Title is Girl not Mother. Also, the girl uses I when she talks, wowing us into her thoughts Antagonist: mother, cultural expectations Setting: Rural area (? ) Theme: identity, class (? ) Tone: Mothers tone is bossy. Girls tone seems to be defensive (? ) *Buena: genre of Antigen music. Calypso like, characterized by scandalous gossip* Antigen folksongs, or Buena, symbolize sexuality, a subject the mother fears her daughter already knows too much about. Historically, native Antigens sang Buena to secretly spread scandalous rumors and gossip under the uncomprehending British peoples noses. Singing Buena in Sunday school, therefore, represents not only subsidence but also sinful, forbidden knowledge that cant be discussed openly in public, let alone in church Title: not Just about her personal experiences but the universal experience of girlhood and that the girl is the important one. Wants the audience to think about what it probably means to grow up in the culture that mom is implicitly describing Motifs: food Peppiness comes from domesticity, greatest legacy to be passed on clothing Believes to reveal character and personality, stresses importance of dress and appearance to save daughter from a life of disrespect and promiscuity lute Mother repeats herself to warn the daughter on the slut I know you are so bent on becoming, warns the daughter on living a promiscuous life Symbols: Buena symbolizes sexuality Food is importance of dom esticity Cloth indicates level of respectability Maybe mother gives these lessons because she went through it. Ex: how to make good medicine to throw away a child before it even becomes a child suggests that she had to have gone through it to know Last couple lines Girl gets insecure and asks, what if the baker wont let me feel the bread squeeze = feel Last line could be interpreted as the mother challenging the girls morals. Ironic Mom seems like girl is missing the point. If she takes her advice and uses it, then the baker has to let her squeeze the bread. Teenage Wasteland: Daisy meets with principal that Downy attends. Downy is disruptive and not responsive in class. Principal suggests Daisy supervises Donnas hew. Grades improve, but now he has behavioral problems. He was skipping class, smoking, and possibly drinking. Psych recommends a tutor, Cal beadle, whom Downy meets with three times a week and grows to like. Cal says Daisy are too controlling. Although Daisy tries to be positive with Downy, his behavior continues to deteriorate and eventually is expelled from school. Cal believes the expulsion is unjust, but Daisy no longer trusts Cal. .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .postImageUrl , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:hover , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:visited , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:active { border:0!important; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:active , .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub47d508737470758e5fa1cbbadd9b07b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maxine Hong Kingston EssayShe enrolls Downy in a public school and stops tutoring him. One day, he runs away. Told in 3rd person omniscient Downy wants to be trusted and treated like an adult, despite his childish and self- indulgent ways. White and light signify purity during Donnas youth. Protagonist: Dais Antagonist: her parenting Theme: parenting If the story were told from Donnas perspective, what details would change? A Good Man is Hard to Find: The grandmother tries to convince her son and his family to go to Tennessee for a vacation instead of Florida. Foreshadows car accident/death when the grandmother says wears a dress and a hat with flowers so that people will know she is a lady if there is an accident. Fire and Ice: The worlds destruction Some believed the world end from its fiery core, while others believed an ice age would destroy everything. However, in Robert Frosts poem, he isnt referring to the scientific perspective. He refers to the more emotional side. Passionate desire = FIRE Hatred = ICE Metaphorical view: world can be recognized as a relationship. Too much fire can quickly consume it while cold indifference and hate can be equally destructive Fire and ice are not mutually exclusive. Desire and hate are human behaviors and emotions. Great in line 8 means powerful Tone: absurd The speaker is cautious and ironic Medusa(guardian or protectors): Story of Medusa: Medusa was the daughter of Prophecy and Kate, One of the three sisters known as the Gorgons. Medusa was the only mortal. She was originally beautiful and was devoted to a life of celibacy. She forgot her vows and became united with Poseidon. For this offense, she was punished by the goddess. Each wax. Y lock of hair which had so charmed her husband was changed into a venomous snake. Her eyes became blood-shot, furious orbs, which excited fear and disgust in the mind of the beholder. Her skin became a greenish tinge. Medusa offended Athena by saying she was more beautiful. Athena was outraged and then turned her into a terrible ugly monster, so ugly that anyone who looked at her would turn to stone the poet went to the house of Medusa, but had violated the temple of Minerva, the goddess of intelligence of handicrafts and arts. Minerva punished her by changing her hair into snakes and made her face so ugly that those who looked at her become stones, even after her death. Tone: serious The poem describes the event of Medusas murder and punishment. It is a recollection of the plight of Medusa. Even after death, Medusa retained the evil power to turn any onlooker to stone. But the poet also tries to give the positive aspect of Medusa. She equally symbolizes the feminine energy to keep a balance in nature, and she is also the source of art and life. For My Daughter: Pervasive anguish and bitterness runs through the poem Speaker: father